Textile Raw Material-II

 Textile Raw Material-II

1. Definition and classification of Chemical fibers.Principles of different spinning systems.Different fibre structures and their effects on fiber properties 
2. Technologies of formation of regenerated fibers. Their properties and uses: Different types of viscose and acetate rayon, derivatives of cellulose, different types of regenerated protein fibers.
3.   Technologies of formation of synthetic fibers, their properties and uses: Polyamides, Polyesters, Polyacrylies, Polypropylenes, PVA, PVC and elastomeric fibers. 
4. Formation of carbon fibers, Bi/Multicomponent fibers, glass fibers, glass fibers and metallic fibers, their properties and uses.

5. Present trends of chemical fibers production and their economic and social aspects.

   # Reference Textbooks:

    

   01.   Physical properties of textile fibre by W.E Morton*

   02.  Principles of Textile Testing by J.E.Booth

    What is chemical fiber?

   Ans:Man-made or Chemical or Synthetic fibers generally come from synthetic materials such as petrochemicals. But some types of synthetic fibers are manufactured from natural cellulose; including rayon, modal, and the more recently developed Lyocell. Cellulose-based fibers are of two types, regenerated or pure cellulose such as from the cupro-ammonium process and modified or derivitized cellulose such as the cellulose acetates.

    What is history of chemical fibers?

   History Of MMF or chemical fibers :

   The first artificial fiber, known as Artificial silk, became known as viscose around 1894, and finally rayon in 1924. A similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood.

   Nylon, the first synthetic fiber, made its debut in the United states as a replacement for silk , just in time for World war II rationing. Its novel use as a material for women's stocking overshadowed more practical uses, such as a replacement for the silk in parachutes and other military uses.

   ž  Common MMF fibers include:

   Nylon (1939)

   Modacrylic(1949)

   Olefine(1949)

   Acrylic(1950)

   polyester (1953)

   Carbon fiber (1968)

   ž  Specialty MMF fibers include:

   Vinvon (1939)

   Saran (1941)

   Spandex (1959)

   Vinalan (1939)

                Aramides (1961)

    

   How chemical fibers are classified?

   Ans:There are three types MMF.

   ž  Cellulose :
   Acetate · Tericatate · Art Silk ·Bamboo· Lyocell Rayon ·Modal Rayon · Rayon

   ž  Mineral :
   Glass· Carbon · Basalt·Metalic

   ž  Polymer:
   Acrylic· Aramide · Microfiber ·Modacrylic · Nylon · Olefin ·Polyester · Polyethylene · Spandex · Vinylon· Vinyon·Zylon

    What is Cellulose fibers?

   Ans:

   History

   Triacetate, whose chemical equation is [C₆H₇O₂(OOCCH₃)₃]_n, was first produced commercially in the U.S. in 1954 by Celanese Corporation. Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., Daicel Corporation and Eastman Chemical manufacture cellulose triacetate with Eastman announcing a 70% increase.

   Production

   Triacetate is derived from cellulose by acetylating cellulose with acetic acid and/or acetic anhydride. Acetylation converts hydroxyl groups in cellulose to acetyl groups, which renders the cellulose polymer much more soluble in organic solvents. The cellulose acetate is dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol for spinning. As the filaments emerge from a spinneret, the solvent is evaporated in warm air, in a process known as dry spinning, leaving a fibre of almost pure triacetate.

   Art silk

   Artificial silk or Art silk is a synthetic manufactured fiber which resembles silk but costs less to produce. Frequently, art silk is just a synonym for rayon. The first successful artificial silks were developed in the 1890s of cellulose fiber and marketed as art silk or viscose, a trade name for a specific manufacturer. In 1924, the name of the fiber was officially changed in the U.S. to rayon, although the term viscose continued to be used in Europe

   Bamboo fibre

   Bamboo fibre is a cellulose fibre extracted or fabricated from natural bamboo and is made from (or in the case of material fabrication, is) the pulp of bamboo plants. It is usually not made from the fibres of the plant, but is a synthetic viscose made from bamboo cellulose.

   Lyocell

   Lyocell is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from dissolving pulp It was first manufactured in 1987 by Courtaulds Fibres UK at their pilot plant S25. As of 2010 it is manufactured by Lenzing AG of Lenzing, Austria, under the brand name "Lyocell by Lenzing", and under the brand name Tencel by the Tencel group, now owned by Lenzing AG.

   Uses

   It is used in many everyday fabrics. Staple fibres are used in clothes such as denim, chino, underwear, casual wear, and towels. Filament fibers are used in items that have a silkier appearance such as women’s clothing and men’s dress shirts. Lyocell can be blended with a variety of other fibers such as silk, cotton, rayon, polyester, linen, nylon, and wool.

   Rayon

   Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulose fiber. Because it is produced from naturally occurring polymers, it is neither a truly synthetic fiber nor a natural fiber; it is a semi-synthetic or artificial fiber. Rayon is known by the names viscose rayon and art silk in the textile industry. It usually has a high luster quality giving it a bright sheen.

   Uses--Some major rayon fiber uses include apparel, the filling in Zippo lighters, furnishings

    What is Mineral fibers?

   Glass fiber

   Glass fiber is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass. Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine tooling.

   Uses

   Uses for regular glass fiber include mats, thermal insulation, electrical insulation, sound insulation, reinforcement of various materials.

   Carbon (fiber)

   Carbon fiber, alternatively graphite fiber, carbon graphite or CF, is a material consisting of fibers about 5–10 μm in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that are more or less alignedparallel to the long axis of the fiber.

   Basalt fiber

   Basalt fiber or fibre is a material made from extremely fine fibers of basalt, which is composed of the minerals plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. It is similar to carbon fiber and fiberglass.

   Uses

   Heat protection,Friction materials,High pressure vessels

   Metallic fiber

   Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal, plastic-coated metal, metal-coated plastic, or a core completely covered by metal. Gold and silver have been used since ancient times as yarns for fabric decoration

   Uses

   The most common uses for metallic fibers is upholstery fabric and textiles such as lamé and brocade. Many people also use metallic fibers in weaving and needlepoint.

    

     What Polymer fibers?

   Acrylic fiber

   Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. To be called acrylic in the U.S, the polymer must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer.

   Aramid

   Aramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic rated body armor fabric and ballistic composites, in bicycle tires.

   TechnoraTechnora is an Aramid that is useful for a variety of applications that require high strength or chemical resistance. It is a brandname of the company Teijin.

   Production

   Technora is produced by condensation polymerization of terephthaloyl chloride (TCl) with a mixture of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether (3,4'-ODA). The polymer is closely related to Teijin's Twaron or DuPont's Kevlar.

   Microfiber

   Microfiber or microfibre refers to synthetic fibers that measure less than one denier. The most common types of microfibers are made from polyesters, polyamides and or a conjugation of polyester and polyamide and of polypropylene prolen.

   Modacrylic

   A modacrylic is a synthetic copolymer. Modacrylics are soft, strong, resilient, and dimensionally stable. They can be easily dyed, show good press and shape retention, and are quick to dry

   Uses

   Modacrylics are used primarily in applications where environmental resistance or flame retardancy is necessary or required.

   Nylon

   Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as polyamides, first produced on February 28, 1935, by Wallace Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station. Nylon is one of the most commonly used polymers.

   Olefin fiber

   Olefin fiber is a synthetic fiber made from a polyolefin, such as polypropylene or polyethylene. It is used in wallpaper, ropes, and vehicle interiors. Olefin's advantages are its strength, colourfastness and comfort, stain, mildew, abrasion and sunlight resistance, and good bulk and cover.

   Uses

   Apparel : Sports & active wear, socks, thermal underwear; lining fabrics.

   Home Furnishing : Olefin can be used by itself or in blends for indoor and outdoor carpets, carpet tiles, and carpet backing.

   Polyester

   Polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Although there are many polyesters, the term "polyester" as a specific material most commonly refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

   Polyethylene

   Polyethylene (abbreviated PE) or polythene is the most common plastic. The annual production is approximately 80 million metric tons. Its primary use is within packaging (plastic bag, plastic films, etc.)

   Physical properties

   Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer consisting of long hydrocarbon chains. For common commercial grades of medium- and high-density polyethylene the melting point is typically in

   the range 120 to 130 °C (248 to 266 °F). The melting point for average, commercial, low-density polyethylene is typically 105 to 115 °C (221 to 239 °F).

   Spandex

   Spandex or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. It is strong, but less durable than its major non-synthetic competitor, natural Latex. It is a polyurethane-polyurea copolymer that was invented in 1959

   Major spandex fiber uses

6. Apparel and clothing articles where stretch is desired, generally for comfort and fit, such as:
• athletic, aerobic, and exercise apparel
• belts
• bra straps and side panels
• competitive swimwear
• cycling shorts
• gloves
• hosiery
• leggings
• netball bodysuits

1.  

   What are natural polymers based on chemical fibers?

   What are the spinning methods of chemical fibers?

   What is dry spinning?
   

   What is melt spinning?
   
    What is wet spinning?